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Nursing Informatics - 784 Words

Fundamentals of Nursing Informatics Technology can be very helpful in improving safety and quality of health care. Nursing informatics refers to the combination of technology, nursing as well as the assimilation of data. It deals with the use of technology in order to organize and provide health care in the best and most resourceful manner. Computerized systems allow quicker and more accurate charting or record keeping. These systems save time and improve the quality of information furthermore improving patient safety. Nursing informatics contains a large number of tools which range from being very meek computers to being extremely difficult medical record systems which are more generally known as Electronic Medical Record or EMR. In†¦show more content†¦205). Furthermore, I conclude that nursing informatics is an integration of nursing science and current technology by applying computerized systems and as well as data to advance health care across the world. Two Advantages of Using Nursing Informatics Nursing informatics is essential for protection and accuracy in the nursing field. NI benefits from software and computer systems such as word processing, spreadsheets, e-mail, podcasts, virtual environments, and a host of other forms of technology. One example is â€Å"telehealth via closed-circuit television or the telephone is perhaps the most proven application to date, but it has limitations. With the current technology, rural health, home care, and telehealth nurses can expand their practice capabilities† (Ericksen, 2009, p. 37). For example, homecare nurses can take their laptops with patients records instead of bringing mounts of paper everywhere they go. Another advantage of using nursing informatics is the prevention of accidents. Instead of doctors writing prescriptions in not so legible handwriting, the use of technology will prevent accidents with medications. Two Disadvantages of Using Nursing Informatics Although nursing informatics is very beneficial it can also have its disadvantages. There are often security breaches in technology and if that was ever to occur with all of the patient data, there would be a great number of problems. Patients would be able toShow MoreRelatednursing informatics1219 Words   |  5 PagesNursing Informatics Nursing informatics can best be described â€Å"as the integration of data, information and knowledge to support patients and clinicians in decisions across roles and settings, using information structures, process, and technology† (Knight Shea, p. 93). Nursing informatics has evolved over the last half decade from a system with only a few abilities to a worldwide technological system used in many hospital settings and physician offices in order to unify healthcare, eliminate errorRead MoreEssay on Nursing Informatics And Nursing889 Words   |  4 Pagesnurses changing with the times? What is nursing informatics? Why is it important to me? How do I rate on the nursing informatics knowledge scale? What is my plan to increase my knowledge base? These questions should be at the forefront of every nurse’s thoughts. The information age has come crashing down on us from every possible angle in our lives, it affects how we communicate, how we educate, how we socialize and ho w we raise our children. Thus, why would nursing be immune to technology? These reasonsRead MoreNursing Informatics Essay564 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Nursing Informatics is a union of nursing, technology, and data assimilation. Nursing Informatics deals with using technologies to organizing and delivering healthcare in the most efficient and safest manner. Nursing Informatics consist of countless tools ranging from simple computers to the complex electronic medical records systems (EMR), diligently designed to organize and deliver information. Nursing informatics silently streamlined into the management and delivery of healthcare;Read MoreNursing Informatics As A Specialty Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pages3.2.0 SOCIAL CONTEXT: 3.2.1 Nursing Informatics as a Specialty Nursing’s social contract reflects the profession’s long-standing core values and ethics, which provide grounding for health care in society. It is easy to overlook this social contract underlying the nursing profession when faced with challenges of the current technology like nursing informatics. One should be competent in nursing informatics so that nothing goes wrong when clients knows that the services are using telehealth and isRead MoreThe Integration Of Nursing Informatics Essay1670 Words   |  7 Pagesadvancement of healthcare. In our healthcare systems today, technology is already a vital part of almost all domains of nursing and patient care. The integration of nursing informatics into the practice creates a greater efficiency and accuracy of patient care. With the help of technology along with the wisdom of educated nurses, the facilitation of quality care is upgraded. Nursing informatics is an integral part of the overall healthcare system in that it is es sential in providing an efficient and preciseRead MoreEssay on Nursing Informatics1063 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Nursing Informatics? Technology and innovation have transformed the way people function personally and professionally. In the past, writing and mailing a letter was standard but now most people send electronic messages and text messages to phones. Healthcare has been changing tremendously as well, not only are paper charts and records becoming obsolete, but now many facilities are sharing test results, visit information details, and prescribed drug lists. This move into the digital ageRead MoreNursing Informatics Is A Positive Step For Nursing1817 Words   |  8 Pagesstored all in one place with the ability to be used my many at the same time, providing continuous updates, will increase efficacy in the care of patient. My belief in Nursing Informatics is that nursing informatics is a positive step for nursing. Nurses should make room for learning to improve their knowledge of nursing informatics. Through technology we have come to the existence of Electronic health record which is a very important tool in the management of patients. Because this a period whenRead MoreWhat is Nursing Informatics? Essay1207 Words   |  5 Pagespaper is to develop a research question regarding the prevention of spreading bacteria in ICU and to identify databases and search words to collect data by using the continuum of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom . Also, I will describe how informatics can be used to gain wisdom. Clinical Research Question and Metastructures: Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom The key to conducting successful clinical research involves five steps. These steps are: â€Å"asking answerable clinical questionsRead MoreNursing Informatics Now and in the Future1626 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: NURSING INFORMATICS Nursing Informatics Now and In the Future Becky Last, RN Herzing University June 16, 2013 INTRODUCTION: In this day and age nurses not only have to use the scientific knowledge they have obtained in school but they must be ready to embrace and learn computer knowledge as well. Nursing informatics (NI), a product of the scientific synthesis of information in nursing, uses concepts from computer science, cognitive science, information science, andRead MoreTeamwork, Collaboration And Informatics For Nursing880 Words   |  4 PagesCollaboration and Informatics in Nursing The nursing field is caring, dependable, and effective. None of which could be accomplished without teamwork, collaboration and informatics. I believe these concepts are fundamental in the nursing profession. Nurses must work with other healthcare staff, the patients and their families to provide patient-centered and quality care. The use of informatics enhance both the quality of care the clients receive and the teamwork and collaboration aspect of nursing. No one

Disabilities Free Essays

The issue of discrimination against old people and persons with disabilities is an old age phenomenon. For centuries these groups of people have had to live with stigma and many a times forced t live their lives in seclusion for instance in the bible stories are told of how leapers were forced from their homes to be beggars in the streets as if this was not enough, bells were tied around their necks so that everywhere they would go, people will be warned of their presence by the sounding bells and were required to take-off. In ancient Africa, children born with disabilities were killed and thrown away in the forest because they were considered bad one. We will write a custom essay sample on Disabilities or any similar topic only for you Order Now All these treatment by the dominant groups on the marginalized groups was informed by myths. In that it was believed that people’s with disability would bring bad luck or â€Å"infect† others in the community who did not have such disabilities. And for centuries this continued until the dawn of â€Å"the age of rights† where it came to be realized that all human beings by virtue of their being humans had all human beings by virtue of their being humans had in alienable God given rights that no man was allowed to take away (L. J. mefarlane. Theory and practice of human rights) The author went on to say about human rights†. They must be distinguished from moral rights in possessing the following characteristics (a) University (b) Individuality (c) Paramount ability (d) Enforceability This age of rights culminated in the â€Å"universal declaration on the rights of man† and the UN charter on the rights of man† This two characters then informed many bill of rights of many states in the world today including â€Å"The Canadian charter on human rights† Much though that these rights are clearly s pelt in many international and local documents on human rights the old and people with disability continue to bare the brunt of stigmatization and this surely should urgently be brought to a stop. this paper boards on the thesis that discrimination of any kind against any person and specifically the old and people with disabilities is an infringement on their fundamentals rights and freedoms as first adumbrated in the universal declaration on the rights of man. It will also compare and contrast the treatment. The international labor organization defines disability in terms of tis effect upon a persons ability to secure and maintain gainful employment. In convention 1 order 50, of the international labor organization states that a person with disability means one whose prospects of securing, obtaining and a draining in employment is induced or as a result of mental or physical impairment. A careful analysis of this definition can lead to confusion it would also means that ILO is in useful discriminative. It would also mean that old people do suffer from disability an allegation that may not be always true many old people can still work and fend for themselves without needing employment. Disability can best and without discrimination defined to mean:-An impairment of either of either, physical, sensory or mental nature including vision, hearing or physical impairment which has a longterm effect on a persons usual day to day activities. So that given the effect that comes with old age like loss of memory, poor vision comes with old age like loss of memory, poor vision could also fall under the ambit of disability. Unfortunately even government agencies do discriminate against peoples with disabilities from how they implement program mes like adjustment orders to make the lives of these people much easier, to how they implement government policies leaves a lot to bee desired. But then should all facts that may seem to be discrimination deemed as such? Because there are actions that can pass for discrimination but may not necessarily be motivated by discrimination. A good case in point is the latimer case where latimer, a farmer who was working a spread in saskat chewan killed her 12 year old daughter Tracy in 1993. His statement to the police was such that she loved his daughter and could not watch her suffer from severe cerebral palsy. Latimas was subsequently charged with 1st degree murder which was later reduced to 2nd degree murders. justice Ted Noble broke a new legal grand by distinguishing mercy killing which is allowed anyway and cold blooded murder in so doing latrines was given a constitutional exemption. He was convicted though because he had committed a crime. Acts such as this one are not motivated by discrimination or stigma associated with having a child with disabilities but â€Å"love† in fact in the present case, the judge considered latimer as a â€Å"loving and protective parent† who wanted to end his daughter suffering. Much that latimers actions can be somehow be â€Å"excused†, why would people have to think that people with disabilities would people have to think that people with disabilities are constantly â€Å"suffering†, and thus the need by other people to end their suffering? why cant we allow people with disability lead independent lives? The answer again lies with the perceptions that the dominant group has people with disabilities. On the other hand the leilani must case can only be contrasted with the forgone case of latimer in the present case, Muir was a child who was unwanted and neglected by her mother an alcoholics. the mother took her to mental school at age eleven. the mother also ordered her sterilization during the sterilization she was not informed that she was actually being sterilized but she thought she was having her appendix removed. She later discovered that she could not sire children and sued. She was awarded damages. the case in point suggest that persons with disabilities should not be allowed to give birth. This is pursuant to the now repealed sterilization act of Alberta coupled with the fact that a person with disability consent is not required where matters dealing with their bodies is concerned or really outrageous and discriminatory granted the confinement of Muir led or amounted to loss of reputation, loss of liberty machinery be put in place for purposes of evaluating those considerations. Here government in as much as they are charged with the responsibility of ensuring adequate provisions for the rights of persons with disability can claim lack of adequate resources and seek to absolve themselves from liability. This again has mischievous connotations which also violate the rights of persons with disability it is note worthy therefore that the essence of budgetary provisions† is a ploy to run away from responsibility. Granted, the character would be illusory if the provisions enshrined there in could be ignored because it was convenient to the administration. But courts in Canada should be applauded since they have always held that the â€Å"considerations† cannot be used to justify violations of rights of persons with disabilities. In Nova Scotia V Martin it was held for instance that despite the concerns raised with respect to â€Å"budgetary considerations† defenses, the defense is raised often and primarily in the context of disability discrimination cases. Senior citizens have not been spared either and as earlier stated they may fall under the bracket persons with disabilities because old age comes with certain effects like hearing difficulties, poor visions, mental that senility comes with old age all proved by science old peoples normal participation in day to day activities all these has a close nexus as to why they are held with low opinions, that’s why they are held with low opinions, that’s why they are deemed to be less engaged. the myths that they are less aged could well be founded because more often than not, the senior citizens would citizens would be found in care homes where they are taken care of by welfare but this is not totally true because many old people have defied age to climb the everest mountains ans so on. About mandatory retirement, this is purely discriminative because under the law much that there is a retirement age, many people of retirement age have the energy to carry on. Besides it would be tantamount to say that on attainment of retirement age, one is old and incapable of productivity. Well is sheer discrimination. this kind of draconian treatment has led to untold suffering among the persons with disabilities. For one it has led to difficulty in access to employment because they are viewed to as being not productive as compared to normal bodied persons. It has also led to poverty or likely hood of the same because many a times there people are confined. take the Muir case for instance her life was almost shuttered leading to loss of productive years, reputation besides suffering humiliation. It has also led to discontent among person with disabilities. The welfare system has also suffered given draconian policies like â€Å" budgetary considerations† All these can also result to problems of recreation and leisure for persons with disabilities as little regard as given to them as human beings. To change their status quo, lobby groups have been formed to press for better treatment. the senior citizens and persons with disabilities have also gone against the grain to prove the system wrong e. g. Muir who went on to pass the IQ test and lives a much happier life. These groups have also sought redress in court especially invoking section 15(1) of the Canadian charter on human rights. How to cite Disabilities, Papers

Assessment Methods free essay sample

Diagnostic assessment is a pre assessment that determines a difficulty for the student in a precise area. This type of assessment provides teachers with information of the student’s previous awareness of the topic, their interest and attitude before instructing a lesson (McMillan 2011, p 6). Diagnostic assessment information can be collected from Summative assessments of the previous lesson. It is important to note the expectation of what the students should know, understand and be able to do at the end of the lesson as this is an integral part of an effective lesson (McMillan 2011, p 8). Formative assessment occurs during instructions, giving feedback to students on their work to assess their level and determine the next level of work activities (McMillan 2011, p 6). This type of assessment takes place during learning and helps to improve the lesson as the learning is monitored and the progress of the student is noted (McMillan 2011, p 8). The student has the opportunity to improve learning during the lesson through the feedback and send them in the right direction of learning. We will write a custom essay sample on Assessment Methods or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Learning problems are able to be distinguished during the lesson and actioned accordingly, and instructional adjustments can be made (McMillan 2011, p 8). Summative assessment takes place at the completion of the lesson to determine the student’s level of understanding, their knowledge and can physically do (McMillan 2011, p 6). This is the aim of the lesson to decide if the teaching has been positive and that the students have achieved at the anticipated level of learning. Students are graded, teachers and lessons are evaluated to assess the effectiveness of the plan (McMillan 2011, p 8). The three assessment types that form the assessment cycle are an integral part of a primary classroom learning structure. Students with learning disabilities need to be assessed in the early stages of their learning to determine the techniques of tailored learning to be applied. Using Diagnostic assessment â€Å"effective teachers were found to have tailored instruction to students’ unique needs and interests, finding just the right materials to reach their students† Robinson, G. (2008). Teaching numeracy skills a Formative assessment is then used to improve learning throughout the lesson. A summative assessment is then required to determine the student’s numeracy capabilities. Assessment is an important part of the education curriculum, to enable an effective learning environment for the students. It also allows the teacher to ensure the lesson is tailored to the students learning disabilities and there needs to achieve the learning result desired. References McMillan, J. H. (2011).

Viagra Who What How And Why Essays - PDE5 Inhibitors, Lactams

Viagra: Who What How And Why? James Pouncey Dr. Owen Drugs and Behavior May 2, 2000 Viagra: What, Who, Why, and How Sildenafil Citrate, more commonly known by the brand name Viagra, has become one of the most commonly prescribed drugs in America. Viagra is used to treat erectile dysfunction, also known as impotence. Erectile Dysfunction is best defined as the inability to maintain an erection necessary for sexual satisfaction. Sildenafil has been shown to be effective for a broad range ED patients, including those with a history of mellitus, depression, hypertension, diabetes, and spinal chord injury (Sildenafil Citrate, par. 29). Pharmacokinetics Viagra is taken orally. It is quickly absorbed into the system and usually reaches its peak concentration in about 30 to 120 minutes. However, as with most orally administered drugs, taking the pill on a full stomach will slow down its absorption (Sildenafil Citrate, par. 5). Viagra is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome p450 system. It is converted into a metabolite that has properties similar to that of the pre-metabolized drug. Viagra and its metabolite have a terminal half-life of about 4 hours (Sildenafil Citrate, par. 4). Finally, Viagra is excreted primarily through feces in the form of metabolites (Sildenafil Citrate, par. 7). Mechanism of Action Sildenafil is a pharmaceutical breakthrough not only because it is the most effective treatment for erectile dysfunction available, but also because it is the first in a new class of medications (FDA, par. 3). But to understand how this drug works, it is necessary to explain the physiology of erection in the normally functioning male. Under normal circumstances, sexual excitement results in the release of nitric oxide. Next, the nitric oxide will activate guanylate cyclase, an enzyme. The effect of this enzyme is an increase in the amount of cylic guanosine monophosphate. This increase produces the relaxation of the smooth muscle in the corpus cavernosum, in the penis. This relaxation is necessary to allow the inflow of blood, which is what causes an erection to occur. However, in a male with erectile dysfunction, phosphodiesterase type 5 is responsible for degradation of cylic guanosine monophosphate (FDA, par. 3). Thus, the smooth muscle is unable to relax to allow the inflow of blood. This results in the inability to gain and maintain and erection. Sildenafil works by inhibiting the phosphodiesterase type 5. As a result, there is no inhibition of the cylic guanine monophosphate. Thus the smooth muscle is able to relax and allow the inflow of blood necessary for erection (FDA, par. 4). Behavioral effects Thus by examining the mechanisms of action, the myth that Sildenafil causes sexual excitation or that the drug is an aphrodisiac, is dispelled. Rather, it is understood that the drug simply allows the natural response to sexual excitation to occur, rather than causing the excitation itself. Because of the drugs effects, the use of the drug is associated with some behavioral changes. Those who suffer from erectile dysfunction often have anxiety and lack on confidence in regards to sexual functioning. They may in fact avoid situation in which they may feel sexually inadequate. Obviously, this can result in a less than satisfactory sex-life. Because Sildenafil is able to provide normal sexual functioning for most of those who take it, it naturally follows that users can experience a renewal in their self-confidence and a decrease of their sexual anxieties regarding problems with erection, as they are able to maintain and enjoy a normal sex-life. [Note: none of the material in the preced ing paragraph was taken from another source.] Physiological Side Effects Like most drugs, Sildenafil does have side effects, but the side effects when they occur, are usually mild and temporary (FDA, par. 6). One of these side effects is a temporary change in blue/green color perception. This change in perception occurs because Sildenafil inhibits PDE6, which is involved in phototransduction in the retina (Sildenafil Citrate, par. 17). Also, Sildenafil causes a decrease in blood pressure, though the cause of this is unknown (Sildenafil Citrate, par.13); further common side effects include headache, flushing, and upset stomach (FDA, par. 6). Finally, it is recommended that those who take nitrates (such as nitroglycerin, often used for the treatment of angina) not take Sildenafil as it was shown to potentiate [increase] the

An Exercise in Identifying Paragraph Breaks in Essays

An Exercise in Identifying Paragraph Breaks in Essays This exercise will give you practice in paragraphingorganizing sentences into unified paragraphs in a coherent essay. InstructionsWhen originally published in 1913, this humorous essay by Homer Croy was divided into 17 paragraphs. The essay has been reprinted here without any line spaces or indentations.Either on your own or in a group, decide where the paragraph breaks should be, and be prepared to explain why. When youre done, compare your version of the essay with the original version of Bathing in a Borrowed Suit. Keep in mind that many arrangements are possible and that your version of the essay may have more than or fewer than 17 paragraphs.   Bathing in a Borrowed Suit by Homer Croy (1883-1965) The desire to be seen on the beach in a borrowed bathing suit is not so strong in me as it once was. An acquaintance, under the guise of friendship, lured me out to his beach one day, saying that he had full rights to the most popular ocean in the world. I had heard his ocean spoken highly of, and I accepted. Unfortunately I forgot to take my bathing suit, but he said that that was nothingthat he had one that would fit me as the paper on the wall. As I recall it those were his exact words. At last he found it in the basement, where it seems that the mice, to get the salt, had helped themselves rather liberally to its none too strong fabric. From the holes in the suit it was easy to see that the party had been a merry one and had not broken up till a late hour. The suit had never been planned for a person of my general architecture. Roughly speaking, I am fashioned along the lines of the Woolworth Building, with a slight balcony effect about the thirty-third floor. The suit had been i ntended for a smallish person given to bathing principally by himself. It was, in its present state, mostly a collection of holes rather insecurely held together with yarn. The waist would have been tight on a doll, while the trunks looked like a pair of pulse-warmers. I tried to find a place to get into the suit, but it stuck together like a wet paper bag. At last I got part way in only to find that my arms were sticking through where a couple of mice had polished off a meal. Finally I felt that I had the suit on and looked in the mirror. I drew back in startled surprise. There were two foreign marks on my body. One I recognized after a moment as being where my collar button had rubbed, but the other was larger. It was a dark splotch as if I had run into the bureau. But, on looking more closely, I saw that it was the bathing suit. Even under the most favorable circumstances, when attired in a bathing suit, I dont live long in the memory of strangers. Rarely ever is my photograph taken by a shore photographer and put up in his exhibition case, and prac tically never does a cluster of people gather around me, talking excitedly with bursts of involuntary applause. My friends were waiting on the lawn for me to join them. Taking a firm grip on my courage I walked out into the yard. The ladies were gaily chatting and smiling until they saw me, when suddenly they closed the conversation and turned to gaze far out over the blue horizon to a dim, distant sail. The ocean looked only a couple of blocks away, but we seemed to walk miles. I was the cynosure of all eyes. I had never been a cynosure before, and in fact didnt know that I had any talent in that line, but now, as a cynosure, I was a great success. When some rude boys came up and began to make personal remarks in the tone that such remarks are usually made in, I abandoned the rest of the party and hurried for the water. I plunged in, but I plunged too hard. My suit had got past the plunging stage. When I came up there was little on me besides the sea foam and a spirit of jollity. The latter was feigned. Something told me to keep to the deep. My friends called me and insisted that I come asho re to play in the sand with them, but I answered that I loved the ocean too well and wanted its sheltering arms around me. I had to have something around me. I must get back to the house and into my clothes. I worked down the beach until I was out of sight, and made a break for the solace of the basement from whence the suit had come. Many people were out walking but I did not join any of them, and as they stared at me, I began to walk faster and faster. Soon I was running. A large dog that I had never seen before rushed at me. I turned around and gave him one lowering look, but he evidently did not catch it, for he came straight on. I looked around for a rock to use for something that I had in mind, but somebody had removed all the desirable ones. So I turned my back to the ill-bred creature and started on. However, this did not cut him the way I had hoped. Instead, he came on with renewed interest. I did not want him to follow me, but this seemed to be his intention, although he had received no encouragement on my part. I sped up and tried to lose him, but my efforts were fruitless, and to make it mor e unpleasant he kept up a loud, discordant barking which jarred on my sensitive ear. I gained the yard and plunged against the door of the house, but some thoughtful person had closed it. I ran around to the rear, but the person had done his work well. So I ran back with some vague hope that the door would be open, although I knew quite well it wouldnt be. My surmises were right. Back the dog and I ran together, while curious passers-by began to stare. I soon found myself almost out of breath, but the dog seemed to be quite fresh. However, I ran back again. At last I came upon a basement door that was open, dived in and shut the door after me. I took particular pains to do that. I continued to remain in the basement. Although the time hung heavily on my hands I did not stroll out to chat with the townspeople. In the course of time my friend returned and looked at me strangely. Arent you feeling well? he asked pityingly. No, I answered sadly. I feel kind of run down. But why did you get in this basement? he asked. It belongs to the man next door. Of late I get all th e bathing I want with a sponge behind closed doors. I would rather have a sponge that has been in the family a long time at my back, than a strange dog similarly located, with whose habits I am not familiar. Bathing in a Borrowed Suit by Homer Croy originally appeared in Life magazine (July 1913) and was reprinted in Our American Humorists by Thomas L. Masson (Moffat, Yard and Company, 1922).

Applied Business Research and Motivation

According to the context, here the topic concerned is demands of the customers of Swaraj Tractor and their employee motivation. Swaraj tractor is based in Punjab, which is the state having highest density of tractors i.e. 100 tractors with in 1000 hectors of land. It is the most popular brand of tractor in Mohali, Punjab. It is famous to the farmers for their reliability and stability factor of machineries used in the tractors. In 2009 the company merged with Mahindra and Mahindra Limited and named as â€Å"Mahindra and Mahindra Limited, Swaraj Division†. According to the report published in the business magazine in 2007, it was confirmed that the company was losing their vision. So at this point of time, employee motivation and analyzing the demands of the customer of the Swaraj Tractor is very important (Lăzăroiu, 2015).   India is the largest tractor manufacturing country in the world. The problem Swaraj Tractor facing according to the report published in the business magazines in 2007 is that the employees are complaining that, the company is losing their missions which is resulting into their bad production and the demands of the customers is not getting fulfilled. Swaraj Tractors was the best brand in Punjab while considering meeting the demands of the customers. Due to some internal problems within the company, the company was losing their interest from their missions and getting diverted to a degradation of the company according to the quality of production. So in this case providing motivation to the employees and understanding the demands of the customers are very important (Skudiene & Auruskeviciene, 2012). According to the competitive market, it is very important to understand the customer demands and motivate the employees for competing with the developing trends. So globally this issue is v ery crucial for any company or industry. In Punjab Swaraj tractor is the best supplier of tractor according to the customer demands, but due to some problematic situation the organization is not meeting their missions and goals (Chaudhary & Sharma, 2012). In addition to this, the mentioned approach helps the organization to build good relationship between the higher authority of the organization and the employees. If the customer demands are considered, it can only be fulfilled by chasing the ongoing trends in the market. The researcher shows here the demographic study of the cause behind the lower production of Swaraj Tractors. Each and every employee of any company conveys the figure of the organizational goal and objectives they have set for their betterment in their path way of improvement and achieving competitive position in the marketplace. Research aim is there in the research to understand the importance of the issue mentioned in the topic. Researcher focuses on the framework required for solving the issues regarding the topic. The important aim of this research is that, to understand the demands of the customer and analyze the motivational factors to be developed and empowered by the organization of the employees (Asim, 2013). This aspect will leads to the development of the Swaraj Tractors and they can easily retrieve their position in the competitive market (Prosser, 2014). According to the research aim, the researcher tries to build some research objectives to make sure the realization of the research aim. The research objectives are discussed as follows: In this chapter the researcher mainly focuses on the problematic situations raised with in the Swaraj Tractors Limited. In order to remove these problematic situations the entrepreneur requires taking some steps with respect to the developmental aspect of the organization. This chapter mainly focuses on the motivational aspect and customer demands of this organization as the problematic situation is raised due to the lack of motivational factors among the organizational members. Here the researcher shows various recommendations for restoring strengthening elements of the employees. Motivational impact matters in the sector of the production of any organization (Manzoor, 2012). Conceptual framework helps the researcher to understand the topic of the research and also introduces the identification of the theories and models to analyze the topic in a standardized manner. Various models and theories help the researcher to relate different variables of the topic. The tractors are mainly used for harvesting operation, pulling loads, and farming. In case of the farmers, they have lands for harvesting, so they wants long lasting tractor with good quality of parts. If the company provides duplicate spare parts to their customers, then the customer demands will not be satisfied. The capacities of the tractors are measured according to the Horse Power ratings of the tractors. Initially the Swaraj Tractors sale the tractors of ratings 30 HP. In the present scenario, their competitors have invented new 50 HP tractors, which is motivating the customer demands. So the company have to now build 50 HP or more than that tractors to compete with the changeable market. The harvesting time also matters to the farmers as this determines the capability of the tractor that how efficient is that one in comparison with the other manufacturers in the market (Shahin et al., 2013). According to the research findings Swaraj Tractors follows the Kano analysis for unde rstanding the demands of their customers according to the ongoing trends in the market (Jin & Oriaku, 2013). This analysis mainly deals with the providing satisfaction to basic needs of the customer, performance needs of the customer, excitement needs of the customers (Bey et al., 2013).    According to the context, the problematic situation was due to lack of motivation among the employee. The organization should use some models for generating motivation among the employees. These models are explained bellow: This aspect deals with the providence of incentives to the employees in an acquired time. These are considered as the part of the encouraging element towards the employee. Activation of these policies motivates the employees for giving their best at their work and sometimes they achieve more than the set limit (Mackey & Gass, 2015). This is also an important aspect while considering the developing motivational impact on the employees of any organization. The organization should make concerned training programs and rules for the employees for making good relationship with the customers. This aspect helps the organization to develop the image of the organization in the view point of the customers. The drive to Comprehend and challenged: One organization should always for and motivate the employees for taking risks at the field of work. This aspect introduces new scenarios to them which build new experiences on them to handle the situation properly. There may be various situations in the organization but the management should introduce some persons who will guide the employees and protect them from the circumstantial situation. The problem needs to be solved for the betterment of the Swaraj Tractor. The company contains large, small, heavy and standard room with assembly shop; all these centers should be controlled by the organization (Flick, 2015). According to the context, if the employees of the organization are motivated in a proper way, then the authority can assure that their production will be good, because the employees are crucial part of any organization. Proper training program and mutual cooperation of the members of the organization can build good relationship among the employees (Gelman et al., 2014). The above mentioned theory of motivational perspective of the employees helps the organization to understand their employees. In addition to this, understanding the demands of the customer helps the organization for coping up with the evolving trends in the market (Thomson & Emery, 2014). In the time of conducting this research, the researcher faced many issues, which are considered as the Gap of this literature. This portion of the research focuses on the analysis of the missing factors which might help the organization to build a strong mission for their organization. According to the research, the Swaraj Tractors have used mainly two models for developing their situation: Kano analysis for understanding the customer demands and 5 drive models for bringing the motivational aspect among the employees. These models also have draw backs according to the demands of the critical situation faced by the organization. The Kano analysis fall under traditional demand analysis models, but in case of Swaraj Tractors they needs to follow advanced demand Analysis model. 5 drive models though does not have any back log or drawback, still there could be some better option to motivate the employees of the Swaraj Tractors. The above mentioned gaps helps the entrepreneur to understand the drawbacks and they can easily find the strategies to reduce these (Shyu et al., 2013). The conclusion drawn from this research is that, the employee motivation and understanding the customer demands are two crucial factors for the improving the quality of service and maintaining the competitive position in the market. The factor employee motivation strongly influences the aspect of customer motivation. According to the research findings, all the drivers of involved into motivating employees are shifting their impact to the customer satisfaction. So the customer satisfaction has become the indicator for judging the stability of any company. Most importantly the customer satisfaction is meeting by fulfilling the demands of the customer. There are several sectors, where the employees are directly contacted by the employees of the organization for any kind of clarification they needed for the product they are using or any kind of problem they are facing in the process of using that particular product or services.   The employees get terminated if they are incompatible wh ile solving the demands of their customers. The fundamental approaches behind these behaviors are the employees are treated in the same way as they treat with their customers. Each and every employee of any company conveys the figure of the organizational goal and objectives they have set for their betterment in their path way of improvement and achieving competitive position in the marketplace. The motivating elements for the employee motivation are: monetary benefits, overall strategic vision of the company, proper training providence etc. if these factors are not maintained properly then it is totally a difficult situation for a company to survive in the competitive market.   According to the context of this report, Swaraj Tractor is facing some problem due to lack of employee motivation, which is affecting their overall productivity and position in the market. They are getting backward in comparison with their competitors, as their quality of product is getting reduced. This research paper discussed about the models by w hich the organization can motivate their employee from different perspective and get their position back with the same quality that they had previously. These interconnected models and also the recommendation provided for Swaraj Transport can help their owner to improvise the strategies for achieving their organizational goals and making their employee happy. These approaches create a good atmosphere where the collaboration between the employee and customer gets healthier atmosphere to grow. In addition to this, the mentioned approach helps the organization to build good relationship between the higher authority of the organization and the employees. If the customer demands are considered, it can only be fulfilled by chasing the ongoing trends in the market. The researcher shows here the demographic study of the cause behind the lower production of Swaraj Tractors. Each and every employee of any company conveys the figure of the organizational goal and objectives they have set for t heir betterment in their path way of improvement and achieving competitive position in the marketplace. The employees are getting demoralized and not finding their goals clear, this report will help the entrepreneurs of Swaraj Tractors to motivate their employees well and understand the demands of their customer. Asim, M. (2013). Impact of Motivation on Employee Performance with effect of training: Specific to Education Sector of Pakistan.  International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,  3(9), 1-9. Bey, N., Hauschild, M. Z., & McAloone, T. C. (2013). Drivers and barriers for implementation of environmental strategies in manufacturing companies.CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology,  62(1), 43-46. Chaudhary, N., & Sharma, B. (2012). Impact of employee motivation on performance (productivity) in private organization.  International Journal of Business Trends and Technology,  2(4), 29-35. Flick, U. (2015).  Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S., & Rubin, D. B. (2014).  Bayesian data analysis  (Vol. 2). Boca Raton, FL, USA: Chapman & Hall/CRC. Jin, Y., & Oriaku, N. (2013). E-service flexibility: meeting new customer demands online.  Management Research Review,  36(11), 1123-1136. Lăzăroiu, G. (2015). Employee Motivation and Job Performance.  Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations, (14), 97-102. Mackey, A., & Gass, S. M. (2015).  Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Manzoor, Q. A. (2012). Impact of employees motivation on organizational effectiveness.  Business management and strategy,  3(1), 1. Pfaff, D. W. (Ed.). (2012).  The physiological mechanisms of motivation. Springer Science & Business Media. Prosser, R. (2014).  An Exploratory Investigation of Employee Motivation in the Private Sector: A Study of Dow Corling  (Doctoral dissertation, Cardiff Metropolitan University). Shahin, A., Pourhamidi, M., Antony, J., & Hyun Park, S. (2013). Typology of Kano models: a critical review of literature and proposition of a revised model.  International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management,  30(3), 341-358. Shyu, J. C., Chang, W., & Ko, H. T. (2013). Comparative analysis of experience-oriented customer needs and manufacturer supplies based on the Kano model.  Total Quality Management & Business Excellence,  24(11-12), 1272-1287. Skudiene, V., & Auruskeviciene, V. (2012). The contribution of corporate social responsibility to internal employee motivation.  Baltic Journal of Management,  7(1), 49-67. Thomson, R. E., & Emery, W. J. (2014).  Data analysis methods in physical oceanography. Newnes. Watling, C. N., Armstrong, K. A., Obst, P. L., & Smith, S. S. (2014). Continuing to drive while sleepy: The influence of sleepiness countermeasures, motivation for driving sleepy, and risk perception.Accident Analysis & Prevention,  73, 262-268. Looking for an answer 'who will do my essay for cheap',

Men, friendship and companionship in Divine Comedy Essay

Men, friendship and companionship in Divine Comedy - Essay Example He ends his pilgrimage into vision of "the Love which moves the sun and the other stars. (Michael Novak 2003)" The dual allegory of Commedia is the progress of soul toward Heaven, and the anguish of humankind on Earth. Throughout his journey, Dante's relationship with Virgil becomes more distinct as does that of the other characters who occupy the realm. In much of Dante's work, he turns the people who he was directly or indirectly associated with in real life into characters in his work. His feelings towards them can only be understood when observing the interactions between himself and the characters. To understand how these real life characters came to be involved in his epic poem, a little of Dante's history must be explained. Living in Florence, Dante was active in both political and military life. As a youth he entered the army and held several key posts in the Florence government during the 1290's. At this time Florence was politically divided between Guelphs and Ghibellines. The Guelphs supported the church and were conservative, preferring to keep things as they were. The Ghibellines on the other hand supported the German emperor but were relieved of their governance. During this time, the Guelphs whom Dante's family was associated with took the reigns of power. Though born into a Guelph family, Dante believed the church should only involve itself in spiritual affairs and later in life he became more neutral after realizing that the church was corrupt. When the new century dawned, Dante gained position from city councilman to ambassador of Florence. In 1301 when the Black Guelph and their French allies seized control of the city his career ended. The authorities seized Dante's possessions and permane ntly banished him from Florence, threatening the death penalty upon him if he returned. From this sprang some of his misgivings about those in high positions and used their characteristics and 'sins' in his work. It is during his exile that Dante wrote new pieces of literature. Between 1307 and 1314 he began writing The Divine Comedy where Dante introduces his invention of the three-line stanza as well as himself as a character. Dante's epic poem consists of three parts, The Inferno being the first. It depicts the journey of Dante, who himself is the hero, through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise. He writes in the first person enabling the reader to identify and understand deeply the truths he wished to share about the meaning of life and man's relationship with the Creator. Dante's vision stems from personal experience and expresses them through images to convey his analysis of the nature of human existence. In the poem, Dante is around about the halfway point through his life and he finds himself wandering alone in a dark forest, having lost his way on the "true path" (Spark Notes 2006). In the first lines of the Divine Comedy, Dante says "In the middle of the journey of our life I came to my senses in a dark forest, for I had lost the straight path. (123Helpme 2005) " This is the typical stereotype of today for when a person becomes "lost" or consumed in sin. The sinful life is a dark life and a sinless life is a bright, white, and pure life. Dante's coming to his senses in a dark forest symbolizes his realizing how "lost" in sin he truly is and realizes he needs to do something. He remembers nothing about how he lost his way, but here he is in a fearful dark place. Above, he notices a

Antitrust Case Study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Antitrust Case Study - Research Paper Example The agreement was signed on 17th February 1983 by the chairmen of Toyota and GM, and triggered one of the biggest and most controversial antitrust investigations in recent history. The vital question was whether it was plausible that the joint venture would actually lead to an increase in domestic small cars that were manufactured more efficiently, with good insights that GM and other firms could use in their plants, or whether it could lead to the regulation of pricing and other conduct between GM and Toyota and merely supplant less-anticompetitive options that GM could have employed in order to realize its objectives. The examination of these question shed light on a number of issues: the changes in behavior that could crop up from the joint venture, the scale of the efficiencies resulting from the venture, economic impacts of the joint venture, and the options available to GM. Some new tools were developed in order to evaluate and examine the joint venture, but they did not result in an agreement with regard to its consequences. Key words Antitrust, GM, Toyota, joint venture, small cars Analysis Most proposed joint ventures, acquisitions, and mergers above a particular size require that, under the stipulations of the Hart-Scott-Rodino premerger notification act of 1976, the Department of Justice and the FTC (Federal transition Commission) be notified. This process provides both agencies with time to investigate a proposed arrangement before it is consummated. In this case, the FTC was mandated to carry out the investigation. In April 1983, Toyota and GM filed initial information and responded to calls for additional information during the summer (White, 1991). The investigation was referred to as one of the most intensive and extensive antitrust examinations ever conducted. The final judgment was delivered by five FTC commissioners, and was founded on different memoranda from a consulting economist, the Bureau of Competition (the legal personnel), and the Bu reau of Economics. The two bureaus recommended that the joint venture be approved, but the consultant’s report recommended that it should be contested. In December 1983, and based on these analyses, the FTC commissioners voted 3-2 provisionally to allow the joint venture to be effected, subject to a few minor revisions. Final approval was confirmed by the same margin (3-2) in April of 1984. The fact that there were no court proceedings means that Toyota and GM did not formally account for their positions. In addition to this, there was no direct merging of the issues between the critics and proponents of the joint venture, and not even a public disclosure of evidential paperwork (Cole & Andrea, 1987). The only thing that existed was a set of documents amounting to 1364 pages that the FTC released in January of 1984. Cooperative Behavior and Market Definition This is the first issue in the analysis of the joint venture, and involves the possibility of cooperative behavior in t he appropriate market. This called for a determination of the geographic market and appropriate product and then an evaluation of the likelihood that the companies in that market might cooperate in a way that would hurt market efficiency and consumers. Clearly, if the

How dependent are Americans on foreign oil Essay Example for Free

How dependent are Americans on foreign oil Essay 1.0 Introduction â€Å"We have a serious problem. America is addicted to oil.† George Bush made this assertion in his 2006 State of the Union address. By 2025 the United States will increase its daily consumption of oil to 28.3 million barrels per day. These estimates by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) show that by then, the US will depend on foreign countries for 70% of its oil needs. The United States of America (USA) depends on foreign nations for 66% of the oil it consumes. According to the EIA, currently the US consumes almost 21 million barrels of oil a day. Unfortunately, this amount of oil is not produced locally so the US has to depend on foreign nations for its consumption of oil. The dependence on oil by the US has a number of effects which include: impact on the nation’s economy; determines US foreign policy; shapes national security; and influences the relationship between the US and other nations (Ebe 2). The aforementioned effect which dependence on foreign oil has caused creates problems for the US. One of the major problems is the fact that the US is dependent on other nations for its energy supplies. Since the US is dependent on these nations for oil, the events in these oil producing nations determine to a large extent, what happens in the US. There is need for the US to resolve this energy situation, because dependence on other nations for oil rids the US of its sovereignty as an independent nation. 1.1 Statement of problem Oil is a very useful resource as it used by many industries. Many industrialized nations of the world, like the US, need large amounts of oil to keep their economies going. Over time, the US has become dependent on foreign nations for its oil needs- while local oil production has plummeted, demand is on the rise. Since the US is so dependent on foreign oil, what are the implications of this dependence? 1.2 Dependence on foreign oil: an effects analysis The dependence on foreign oil by the US has a lot of implications. The effect of this situation makes an impact on the economy, foreign policy, national security and international relations. These four perspectives are explored in further detail below. Effects on the US economy. Dependence on foreign oil supplies has had a profound effect on the US economy. One major evidence of this fact is the constant fluctuation of prices of gas due to changes in prices of oil. In other words, once the price of oil changes, then the price of gas in the US shifts accordingly. This has a profound effect on companies and other businesses that use gas. In the past year, oil prices have soared due to a number of factors in the world. Once these prices climb, it means that the consumer in the US has to pay more for goods and services that are related in one way or other to oil. Changes in the prices of oil in the world create shocks which are felt when prices of goods and services increase. However, the US economy would not have had to deal with these shocks if there wasn’t a high dependence on foreign oil. Furthermore, the constant increase in the price of crude oil in global markets leads to the transfer of huge amounts of money to other cou ntries in foreign trade. US foreign policy. Concerns about US dependence on oil have had an influence on its foreign policy. Various governments are aware of US dependence on foreign oil and have taken moves to protect the integrity of the US. Most people around the world believe that the US meddles in the affairs of other countries especially those in the Middle East because of the oil reserves in these places. If there is instability in the Middle East, it will drastically affect the supply of oil to the US. Thus, in order to protect it’s and ensure the constant flow of foreign oil (upon which the US is dependent), the US government takes measures to ensure peace and rule of law in these places. Haley (9-10) echoes the voice of critics who contend that the U is keen on maintaining stability in the Middle East because of the implication which crisis will cause the US since it relies so heavily on foreign oil. This is evident in the Gulf war and the recent invasion of Iraq. These actions by the US hav e created hatred in the hearts of people in the Middle East towards the US. Impact on national security. The dependence on foreign oil by the US has an impact on its national security as well. It can be argued that the dependence on foreign oil by the US has led it get involved in the affairs of other nations of the world. For example, the Middle East is a region which the US does not ignore and it is in this region that the largest reserves of crude oil abound. The US cannot afford to ignore this region because it needs the oil that is produced from these areas. Sadly, many of these countries are places where there is a lot of unrest and oppressive governments and the US gets a share of violent attacks because it relates with these nations. This situation has brewed hatred in the hearts of many and motivated attacks against the US both home and abroad. With the terror attacks on September 11 2001, the US is aware of the threat to national security and the lives of its citizens at home and abroad. Terrorist groups are aware that oil is the centre of the US e conomy and when they target this sector, they will inadvertently cripple the US economy and bring it to her knees. Relations with other nations. The relationship between the US and other nations is also affected to some extent by the dependence on foreign oil by the US. Apart from the US, other countries in the world have vested interests in oil because they too depend to a large extent on oil. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and other â€Å"iron curtain† countries, China has risen as an industrial giant. These industries are largely fuelled by oil and in order to achieve its aim and remain in the lead, China has improved relations with many oil producing countries and opposes restrictions imposed on these places by the US at the United Nations general assembly. These relationships between the US and other nations are founded upon dependence on oil. The dependence on foreign oil by the US has led to complex relationships between the US and other nations. At close observation, the root cause of these relationships is often not noticeable, but exploring deeper brings out the dependence on oil by the US. On the other hand it is important to look at this issue in another perspective. Most of the countries which produce oil are undemocratic. Infact, some of them have oppressive rulers and since the US depends on foreign oil, these governments become prominent. The fact that they are producers of oil propels them to lime light because the US needs this foreign oil so badly. 1.3 Relevant statistics Certain statistics are important in order to understand the dependence on foreign oil by the US. There was a time in the past when the US was the world’s largest producer of crude oil. But all that has changed now. According to the EIA, Saudi Arabia is the world’s largest exporter of crude oil and will remain so for a while because it holds 24% of the worlds oil reserves. Conversely, the Middle East holds 66% of the world’s oil reserve and supplies 30% of oil in the world. The dependence on foreign oil by the US has been worrisome to past administrations. According to Randall, President Richard Nixon established â€Å"Project Independence† to stop America’s dependence on foreign nations for oil. Furthermore, President Gerald Ford approved the regulation of petroleum prices, established the Strategic Petroleum Reserve and signed the Energy Policy and Conservation Act. On his part, President Jimmy Carter signed the national Energy Act to encourage the development of local sources of energy. 1.4 Probable solutions There is growing need to decrease America’s dependence on foreign oil due to the many problems which the phenomenon poses. It is imperative to develop alternate sources of energy in the US so that dependence on oil can gradually be lifted. Dependence on foreign oil may not be lifted totally but a gradual lifting of this dependence is important. Apart from oil, there are alternate sources of energy which should be explored in the US with the backing of the government and private sector so that these initiatives can be widely adopted. In the first place transportation is a major consumer of gasoline, so cars should be made to run on other sources of power such as electricity which is cleaner and will lower carbon emissions in to the atmosphere. Apart from electricity, wind energy too can be harnessed to power industries. Furthermore, dams built on rivers can generate vast amounts of electricity. Biological fuels too are important and these too need to be developed and used to lessen America’s dependence on oil. The current economic crisis in the world is an indicator to many people to cut costs. However, with the rising cost of crude oil, cost cutting will mean learning to do without crude oil and using other alternate sources of energy. Most of the alternate source of energy mentioned here are not harmful to the environment and the other benefit about them is that they are renewable as well. It does not matter how vast a country’s oil reserves are. There will come a time when these reserves will deplete. If the US continues to depend on foreign oil, what will be done when these countries no longer have oil to sell? The situation is best imagined. 1.5 Conclusion Obviously, the US needs to look else where to satisfy her energy needs. The switch from oil to alternative sources of energy may take a while but the journey of a thousand miles begins with a step. This switch has become all the more important considering the amount of hatred which is shown to everything American, especially by terrorists from the Middle East. Much of the world knows that the US economy is affected by oil supplies- cripple this and you bring the world greatest nation to its knees.

Free Hamlet Essays: Hamlets Inability to Take Action :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

Hamlet's Inability to Take Action "To be, or not to be, that is the question."(Hamlet) This is the question that plagues Hamlet through the entire play. Should I live or should I die, should I take revenge for my father's death? These are all issues that Hamlet battles within himself. Hamlet's indecision is followed by inaction. The reason for this struggle with indecision can be based on many factors or on a combination of a few. As illustrated through his speeches and soliloquies Hamlet has the mind of a true thinker. Reinacting the death of his father in front of Claudius was in itself a wonderful idea. Although he may have conceived shcemes such as this, his mind was holding him back at the same time. His need to analyze and prove everythin certain drew his time of action farther and farther away. Hamlet continuously doubted himself and whether or not the action that he wanted to take was justifiable. The visit that Hamlet recieves from his dead father makes the reader think that it is Hamlet's time to go and seek revenge. This is notthe case. Hamlet does seem eager to try and take the life of Claudius in the name of his father, but before he can do so he has a notion, what if that was not my father, but an evil apparition sending me on the wrong path? This shows that even with substantial evidence of Claudius' deeds, Hamlet's mind is not content. With his thinking mind Hamlet does not become a typical vengeful character. Unlike most erratic behavior of individuals seeking revenge out of rage, Hamlet considers the consequences of his actions. What would the people think of their prince if he were to murder the king? What kind of effect would it have on his beloved mother? Hamlet considers questions of this type which in effect hasten his descision. After all, once his mother is dead and her feelings out of the picture , Hamlet is quick and aggressive in forcing poison into Claudius' mouth. Once Hamlet is certain that Claudius is the killer it is only after he himself is and and his empire falling that he can finally act. On top of Hamlet's over analyzation of the situation an his constant reviewing of all the reasons why he should not act, there is another force which he cannot control.

Health care challenges Essay

Our country is set to face a new way of managing health which could potentially change the environment on how nurses deliver care. As our nation prepares for the implementation of Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, nursing as a healing profession has to be open to what the future of health management holds. The goal is to have all registered nurses reach a high level of understanding and acquire tools necessary to provide the best possible way at a low cost. It is both moral and professional obligation of our leaders to ensure that highly competent and well trained nurses are available throughout this transition. To achieve this goal, nurse educators are the key players to train both novice and seasoned nurses to the change based on the new policies and evidence-based research. However, our Nurse Educators are overwhelmed with their current workload hence causing faculty shortage in the country. A recent study published on 2011 aimed to explore the relation of nursing faculty shortage to their workload, determine if there are evidences that the faculty workload is not equitable and the implication/effect to the nursing research and nursing academic. According to this study, there are multiple factors that influence the nursing faculty shortage such as lack of interest from the nurses to try academic careers, time spends to clinical practice defers pursuance into academic positions, low salaries, high educational costs, nursing education dissatisfaction and most importantly low institutional funding for additional nurse educator positions. Nancy Falk stated in her article that â€Å"despite current critical shortage and growing demand for nurses and nurse educators, federal funding falls far short of addressing these healthcare workforce challenges. Workforce projections suggest that the US will face a shortage of 285,000 nurses by 2015 and 500, 000 by 2025.† (Mason, Leavitt & Chaffee, 2012, p 58). Also, American Association Colleges of Nursing reported on 2011-2012, that nursing schools turned away 75,587 applicants who are qualified for baccalaureate and graduate nursing programs because of inadequate nursing faculty including clinical preceptors. These challenges ultimately impact the future of patient care if not addressed. Faculty leaders must work in partnership to create a strategy that will help prevent further faculty shortage by focusing on balanced faculty workload to avoid burnout. This article emphasized on the continuous support by government officials especially adequate funding to nursing education. AACN is allocating its resources to protect federal funding for academic development programs, identify strategies to prevent nursing educator shortage. Additional solution is to create a mentorship program for nurse faculty. This strategy was confirmed by various literature and studies to promote nursing faculty recruitment and retention. Mentorship brings encouragement and direction to clinical educators who are new to the role and prevent burnout. Health care system will be lost without nurses in our society. Statistic shows that there are currently 2.9 million nurses in the United States but nurses with special skills such as in education is extremely needed. Nurse Educators, in some ways, affect the lives of everyone. It is through this role where highly competent, compassionate healers such as nurses are produced. â€Å"The future of the nursing profession depends on a steady supply of nurses to provide the quality care to patients† (Cowen & Moorhead, 2011, p. 60)

Hofstede’s cultural dimensions of Australia and China Essay

Mismanaging cultural differences can render otherwise successful managers and organisations ineffective when working across cultures. As stated byOsland (1990, p. 4) â€Å"The single greatest barrier to business success is the one erected by culture†. Hofstede (1983) defines culture as â€Å"the mental programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another† (Hofstede 1983 p. 25). Through the comparison of Chinese culture and Australian culture using Hofstedes five cross-cultural dimensions: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, individualism, and long-term orientation an insightful view into the differences and similarities of the cultures can be obtained (Chong & Park 2003). Human Resource Management (HRM) activities such as: recruitment and selection, career planning and development, employee motivation, and compensation and benefits need to be performed in alignment with national culture as effectiveness of a human resource management practice hinges on the degree to which it fits the values and beliefs of people in the host country. By exploring the differences and similarities of Chinese and Australian culture from a HR perspective strategies aimed at achieving organisational goals can be better achieved. The inherent weaknesses of Hofstedes framework will also be discussed to emphasise the importance of other methods for determining culture. Greet Hofstede’s (1980) landmark study involved more than one hundred thousand IBM employees in forty countries. From those results, and later additions, Hofstede developed a model for classifying national cultures and analysing work behaviour according to five underlying dimensions: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, individualism, and long-term orientation (Chong & Park 2003). Hofstedes analysis of each country can provide a better understanding into the national culture that is specific to each country. The significant findings of Hofstedes analysis of Australia include a low power distance score of 36 (ITIM International 2003). Societies with low power distance are characterized by the norm value that inequalities between people should be minimized, and, to the extent that hierarchies exist in such societies and their organizations, they exist only for administrative convenience. Subordinates and superiors regard each other as like people, who have equal r ights and representation (Hofstede 1983). In  comparison China has a relatively high power distance of 80 (ITIM International 2003). By contrast, high power distance societies are characterised by the acceptance of inequality and its institutionalisation in hierarchies which locate people in their â€Å"rightful places†. In high power distance societies, superiors are expected to lead and make decisions, and subordinates are generally afraid and unwilling to disagree with their superiors (Hofstede 1983). As a result of the significant difference in power distance between Australian and China Human Resource activities such as performance appraisals will require different approaches. In Australia and many western cultures performance appraisals are generally linked to the job description and individual career development plans. In Australian 360 degree feedback is often incorporated using feedback from management and peers. Constructive criticism is also another important component in the performance appraisals used i n Australia which is vital for identifying gaps in learning and development and is accepted by employees as the norm (Harrison 1995). By contrast performance appraisals in China are less frequent as both managers and workers in Chinese enterprises want to avoid blunt confrontations; it is understandable that they would try to minimise the frequency of such conflict-prone encounters in the workplace (Huo 1995). Peer evaluation, frequently used in Australian organisations, virtually does not exist in the China. This may be attributed to the traditional authoritarian leadership style prevalent in Chinese enterprises where only supervisors are deemed qualified to evaluate subordinates’ performance (Huo 1995). Performance appraisals generally involve two-way communications which is not embraced by Chinese culture as the large power distance found in China indicated that to challenge authority of superiors is not considered appropriate for subordinates (Huo 1995). Therefore when conducting a performance appraisal in China it is expected that the evaluated will be more subjective. A straight forward form of apprais al would be better received and employee participation should not be forced. Of significant interest is Australia’s high individualism ranking of 90 (ITIM International 2003) . High Individualism implies a society believes that people should largely remain independent from groups, and that people should have a self-concept of being an independent individual rather than a  dependent member of a group(Harrison 1995). In comparison China ranked extremely low with a score of 20 in the individualism ranking (ITIM International 2003). This is as a result of the society fosters strong relationships where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their group with an emphasis on a Collectivist society as a result of the Communist rule (Hofstede 1980). As a result of the different stance of each culture on individualism human resource activities such as compensations and benefits will need to be approached in a different way. In Australian rewards are geared towards pay for performance which motivates the individual to stand out from the crowd in particular at more senior management levels. Compensation is not just related to salary but can include bonuses, commissions, and other merit based reward programs for individual contributions. In contrast Chinese tend to focus on the goals of the collective rather than individual goals. Group approaches have been a dominating influence on Chinese social and working life, including team work, group decision making, group reward, group cohesiveness and group consultation (Satoe & Wang 1994). Chinese employees do not want to stand out from the crowd. Thus it has been suggested that Western business practices, such as personnel incentives, do not work (Myers, 1987). Therefore when conducting business within the Chinese culture compensation and benefits should be based on a collective theory where there are less individual incentives rather a focus on the performance of the group or work units. In a field experiment which combined team duties with group incentives, the team responsibility system proved to have a positive effect on members’ expectancy, achievement attribution, morale and satisfaction (Satoe & Wang 1994). The great distinction between Australia’s score of 31 for Long Term Orientation compared with Chinas score of 118 suggest great cultural differences (ITIM International 2003). Long Term Orientation is a measure of the degree the society embraces, or does not embrace long-term devotion to traditional, forward thinking values. As Australia has a low score this indicates that change can occur more rapidly as long-term traditions and commitments do not become impediments to change (Harrison 1995). In contrast to this a country with a high score such as China value long-term  commitments and respect tradition. This is thought to support a strong work ethic where long-term rewards are expected as a result of today’s hard work (Harrison 1995). These types of diverse cultural views towards long term orientation will impact of the way human resource activities such as recruitment and selection are carried out. In Australia it is common for employees to have several difference employers in there working career and even several changes in industry. Recruitment and selection practises in Australia are aimed at aligning the best fit between employees and the organisation in terms of goals and competencies. Recruitment and selection in Australian generally includes interviewing, psychometric tests, assessment centres and other measures of assessment. In contrast with this Chinese employment pattern has traditionally been life employment with three guarantees â€Å"guaranteed job assignment, guaranteed pay irrespective of performance and guaranteed tenure of senior positions† (Lewis 3003) . Selection criteria seem quite different from the West. For example, Easterby-Smith et al. (1995) found that selection criteria for managerial appointments in their case study organisations were â€Å"good moral practice; adequate competence; working hard and excellent performance records; political loyalty and harmonious relationships with others†. Longevity in a job in Australia is not necessarily seen as a good thing and can be construed as complacency whereas in China it aligns with the cultural drivers of loyalty and tradition. When conducting recruitment and selection in China it must be kept in mind that they traditionally do not place too much emphasis on the interview and almost never employ psychometric tests and assessment centres. Rather than acting out against the traditional job for life concept by replacing current staff with more qualified candidates managers should perhaps ensure sound training and development programs are in place to achieve a fit between employee and organisation. Hofstedes measures of Masculinity and uncertainty avoidance for both Australia and China were similar in score. Masculinity stands for a societal preference for competition, while femininity represents a tendency to place relationships with people above money to help others, to care for the weak and to preserve quality of life (Harrison 1995). Australia scored 61 compared with Chinas score of 66 (ITIM International 2003). Similarly the  measurement of uncertainty avoidance which indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations are quite close in score with Australia at 51 compared with China at 30 (ITIM International 2003). The small difference in uncertainty avoidance suggests that within Chinese culture there is a more relaxed and tolerant attitude towards the unfamiliar as compared with Australia where there is less tolerance towards uncertainty and ambiguity. This may impact on human resource activities such as career planning and development. In Australia career planning and development is generally quite structured and directed as employees like to have a clear career path while in Chinese culture they more comfortable with a less structured approach to career planning and development and expect they career will progress in time. Despite its widespread familiarity and influence, Hofstede’s work has been extensively criticized. One reason is that he used the employees of a single large multinational company to represent the cultures of different nationalities. It is clear that such a sample, no matter how large, may not be representative of the respective countries’ national cultures (Mcsweeny 2002). The national culture of China as identified by Hofstese is quite general and it must be kept in mind that the averages of a country do not relate to individuals of that country (Mcsweeny 2002). There are always exceptions to the rule and Hofsteds analysis does not allow for this and therefore should only be taken as general guidelines. It must also be kept in mind that these studies were conducted over 25 years ago. Due to the inherent weaknesses of the frameworks discussed it is vital that other factors be taken into consideration when analysing national culture. It is important to remember that the culture of a country changes over time, either by internal or external influences. Although the measures identified that China has a collective society and it is though as a generalisation that that collectivists are more cooperative was not supported by experimental results. It was found that subjects from the more individualistic region, Beijing, were more cooperative in working toward mutually beneficial outcomes than were subjects from the more collectivist region, Wuhan (Koch & Koch 2007). This research alludes to the conclusion that the Chinese generally have a collective society within the community  they are familiar with but to some degree are less willing to have a collective frame of mind with a group they are less familiar with. This type of social behaviour would be important for management of Chinese culture in circumstance such as group work where participants may not be as eager to participate as once thought within unfamiliar groups. With the inherent weaknesses of Hofstedes framework it is important to consider a broader range of issue in order to obtain an accurate and current insight into national culture. As Coen Heijes states â€Å"no matter how interesting standardised dimensions may be, without a specific knowledge of history, language and education, cross-cultural understanding is doomed from the start† (Heijes 2007 p.94). Hofstedes five cross-cultural dimensions: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, individualism, and long-term orientation provide an insight into the national culture of both Australia and China. National culture is important to consider when performing human resource activities as the effectiveness of a human resource management practice hinges on the degree to which it fits with the values and beliefs of people in the host country. Human Resource activities that need to be aligned with cultural factors include: recruitment and selection, career planning and development, compensation and benefits, and performance appraisals. In comparing the performance appraisal process, Australians are likely to be more responsive to a 360 degree type feedback with much interaction between managers and subordinates where Chinese employees are likely to be more responsive to a more subjective performance appraisal with little contribution in the form of feedback from peers or personal contributions due to the difference in the power distance of each culture. Compensation and benefits in Australia can be geared towards pay for performance of individuals and may include bonuses, commissions, and other merit based reward programs for individual contributions. Whereas in the Chinese culture compensation and benefits should be based on a collective theory where there are less individual incentives and rather a focus on the performance of the group due to difference in Hofstedes individualism measures. Recruitment and selection practices comparisons between the two countries are impacted by the difference in long term orientations. The recruitment and selection process  in Australia is important due to the frequently changing roles of employees and the importance of finding a fit between organisation and employee whereas in China recruitment and selection aligns with the cultural drivers of loyalty and tradition. When conducting recruitment and selection in China it must be kept in mind that they traditionally do not place too much emphasis on the interview and almost never employ psychometric tests and assessment centres. The slight difference in uncertainty avoidance dimension impact on human resource activity of career planning and development. In Australia career planning and development is generally quite structured and directed as employees like to have a clear career path while in Chinese culture they more comfortable with a less structured approach to career planning and development and expect they career will progress in time. While Hofstedes dimensions cross-cultural dimensions have been critiqued as being to some degree too generalised, small sample sizes, out dated, over simplifying complex tasks. Therefore the framework discussed should only be used as a rough guide to understanding national culture. As suggested by Coen Heijes (2007) other factors such as political and legal systems, religion, education, language, ethics, and motivation among many others must be considered to obtain a current insight into national culture. Reference list: Easterby-Smith, M., Malina, D. and Yuan, L. (1995), â€Å"How culture-sensitive is HRM? A comparative analysis of practice in Chinese and UK companies†, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 31-59. Harisson, G. (1995), â€Å"Satisfaction, tension and interpersonal relations: a cross-cultural comparison of managers in Singapore and Australia†, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Volume 10, Number 8, pp. 13-19Heijes, C. (2007), ‘The Broad Dimensions of Doing Business Abroad’, The Business Review, Vol.8, No.1, pp 93-99Hofstede, G. (1980), Culture’s Consequences. International Differences in Work-Related Values, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA., . Hofstede, G. (1983), â€Å"The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories†, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 75-89. Huo, P. (1995), â€Å"On transplanting human resource practices to China: A culture-driven approach†, International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 16 No. 9, pp. 3-15. ITIM International 2003, Geert Hofstede BV, the Netherlands, viewed 12th August 2008, < http://www.geert-hofstede.com/index.shtml>Koch, B. Koch, P. (2007) ‘Collectivism, individualism, and out group cooperation in a segmented China’, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Vol. 24, No.2, pp 207-225Lewis, P. (2003), â€Å"New China – old ways? A case study of the prospects for implementing human resource management practices in a Chinese state-owned enterprise†, Employee Relations, Vol. 25, No. 1,pp. 42-60Mcsweeny, B. (2002), ‘Hofstede’s Model of National Cultural Differences and Their Consequences: A Triumph of Faith – A Failure of Analysis’, Human Relations, Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 89-118Myers, H. (1987), â€Å"The China business puzzle†, Business Horizons, July-August, pp. 25-8. Osland, G.E. (1990), â€Å"Doing business in China: a framework for cross-cultural understanding†, Marketing Intelligence and Planning, Vol. 8,No. 4, pp. 3-15. Satow, T.Wang, Z. (1994), â€Å"Cultural and Organizational Factors in Human Resource Management in China andJapan: A Cross-cultural Socio-economic Perspective† Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 9 No. 4, pp. 3-11

A Biography of Civil War General Stonewall Jackson

A Biography of Civil War General Stonewall Jackson Stonewall Jackson - Early Life: Thomas Jonathan Jackson was born to Jonathan and Julia Jackson on January 21, 1824 at Clarksburg, VA (now WV). Jacksons father, an attorney, died when he was two leaving Julia with three small children. During his formative years, Jackson lived with a variety of relatives but spent the majority of time at his uncles mill in Jacksons Mills. While at the mill, Jackson developed a strong work ethic and sought out education when possible. Largely self-taught, he became an avid reader. In 1842, Jackson was accepted to West Point, but due to his lack of schooling struggled with the entrance exams. Stonewall Jackson - West Point Mexico: Due to his academic difficulties, Jackson began his academic career at the bottom of his class. While at the academy, he quickly proved himself a tireless worker as he endeavored to catch up to his peers. Graduating in 1846, he was able to achieve class rank of 17 out 59. Commissioned a second lieutenant in the 1st US Artillery, he was sent south to take part in the Mexican-American War. Part of Major General Winfield Scotts army, Jackson took part in the siege of Veracruz and the campaign against Mexico City. In the course of the fighting, he earned two brevet promotions and a permanent one to first lieutenant. Stonewall Jackson - Teaching at VMI: Taking part in the assault on Chapultepec Castle, Jackson again distinguished himself and was brevetted to major. Returning the United States after the war, Jackson accepted a teaching position at the Virginia Military Institute in 1851. Filling the role of Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy and Instructor of Artillery, he developed a curriculum that emphasized mobility and discipline. Highly religious and somewhat eccentric in his habits, Jackson was disliked and mocked by many of the students. This was worsened by his approach in the classroom where he repeatedly recited memorized lectures and offered little help to his students. While teaching at VMI, Jackson married twice, first to Elinor Junkin who died in childbirth, and later to Mary Anna Morrison in 1857. Two years later, following John Browns failed raid on Harpers Ferry, Governor Henry Wise asked VMI to provide a security detail for the abolitionist leaders execution. As the artillery instructor, Jackson and 21 of his cadets accompanied the detail with two howitzers. Stonewall Jackson - The Civil War Begins: With the election of President Abraham Lincoln and the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, Jackson offered his services to Virginia and was made a colonel. Assigned to Harpers Ferry, he began organizing and drilling troops, as well as operating against the BO railroad. Assembling a brigade of troops recruited in and around the Shenandoah Valley, Jackson was promoted to brigadier general that June. Part of General Joseph Johnstons command in the Valley, Jacksons brigade was rushed east in July to aid in the First Battle of Bull Run. Stonewall Jackson - Stonewall: As the battle raged on July 21, Jacksons command was brought forward to support the crumbling Confederate line on Henry House Hill. Demonstrating the discipline that Jackson had instilled, the Virginians held the line, leading Brigadier General Barnard Bee to exclaim, There is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Some controversy exists regarding this statement as some later reports claimed that Bee was angry at Jackson for not coming to his brigades aid faster and that stone wall was meant in a pejorative sense. Regardless, the name stuck to both Jackson and his brigade for the remainder of the war. Stonewall Jackson - In the Valley: Having held the hill, Jacksons men played a role in the subsequent Confederate counterattack and victory. Promoted to major general on October 7, Jackson was given command of the Valley District with headquarters at Winchester. In January 1862, he conducted an abortive campaign near Romney with the goal of re-capturing much of West Virginia. That March, as Major General George McClellan began transferring Union forces south to the Peninsula, Jackson was tasked with defeating Major General Nathaniel Banks forces in the Valley as well as preventing Major General Irvin McDowell from approaching Richmond. Jackson opened his campaign with a tactical defeat at Kernstown on March 23, but rebounded to win at McDowell, Front Royal, and First Winchester, ultimately expelling Banks from the Valley. Concerned about Jackson, Lincoln order McDowell to assist and dispatched men under Major General John C. Frà ©mont. Though outnumbered, Jackson continued his string of success defeating Frà ©mont at Cross Keys on June 8 and Brigadier General James Shields a day later at Port Republic. Having triumphed in the Valley, Jackson and his men were recalled to the Peninsula to join General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia. Stonewall Jackson - Lee Jackson: Though the two commanders would form a dynamic command partnership, their first action together was not promising. As Lee opened the Seven Days Battles against McClellan on June 25, Jacksons performance dipped. Throughout the fighting his men were repeatedly late and his decision making poor. Having eliminated the threat posed by McClellan, Lee ordered Jackson to take the Left Wing of the army north to deal with Major General John Popes Army of Virginia. Moving north, he won a fight at Cedar Mountain on August 9 and later succeeded in capturing Popes supply base at Manassas Junction. Moving onto the old Bull Run battlefield, Jackson assumed a defensive position to await Lee and the Right Wing of the army under Major General James Longstreet. Attacked by Pope on August 28, his men held until they arrived. The Second Battle of Manassas concluded with a massive flank attack by Longstreet which drove Union troops from the field. Following the victory, Lee decided to attempt an invasion of Maryland. Dispatched to capture Harpers Ferry, Jackson took the town before joining the rest of the army for the Battle of Antietam on September 17. Largely a defensive action, his men bore the brunt of the fighting at the northern end of the field. Withdrawing from Maryland, Confederate forces regrouped in Virginia. On October 10, Jackson was promoted to lieutenant general and his command officially designated the Second Corps. When Union troops, now led by Major General Ambrose Burnside, moved south that fall, Jacksons men joined Lee at Fredericksburg. During the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, his corps succeeded in holding off strong Union assaults south of the town. With the end of the fighting, both armies remained in place around Fredericksburg for the winter. When campaigning resumed in the spring, the Union forces guided by Major General Joseph Hooker attempted to move around Lees left to attack his rear. This movement presented problems for Lee as he had sent Longstreets corps away to find supplies and was badly outnumbered. Fighting at the Battle of Chancellorsville began on May 1 in a thick pine forest known as the Wilderness with Lees men under heavy pressure. Meeting with Jackson, the two men devised a daring plan for May 2 which called for the latter to take his corps on a wide flanking march to strike at the Union right. This daring plan succeeded and Jacksons attack began rolling up the Union line late on May 2. Reconnoitering that night, his party was confused for Union cavalry and was hit by friendly fire. Struck three times, twice in the left arm and once in the right hand, he was taken from the field. His left arm was quickly amputated, but his health began to deteriorate as he developed pneumonia. After lingering for eight days, he died on May 10. In learning of Jacksons wounding, Lee commented, Give General Jackson my affectionate regards, and say to him: he has lost his left arm but I my right. Selected Sources Virginia Military Institute: Thomas Stonewall JacksonCivil War: Stonewall JacksonStonewall Jackson House

Psychology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Psychology - Assignment Example Psychology is the Science that create an understanding towards a logical thinking ability keeping humane in concise. It is a science which is not new but with us right from the human civilization. It is the way where an understanding is built up about the behaviour of a person, and methods could be devised to enhance what is lacking in the personality and how well an individual be groomed to have a sound and congenial influence on the society or social ambience of the individual. Besides the fact that lot of research has been carried out we are still at the tip of the iceberg to further dwell towards the understanding of psychology. So far an immense collection of theories that have been postulated over the years have been made and studied along with varies protocols and experiments that have been performed to resolve behaviour issues. Theories postulated are for different kinds of behaviour and not the same for all kinds of behavioural issue. Based on psychological theories humans are classified into various patterns and syndromes. Psychology helps these individuals to recover various therapeutic problems. Thus psychology encompass a study of behaviour including the activities and reactions; and the internal progression of views and judgments. The term "psyche" means soul and "logos" means a study. Thus psychology is not confined to any core study but it encompass a complete understanding of the nature as well as the way it was nurtured under a given set of conditions. Psychology sets its goal for its study as: Description of the issue or the subject, explanation, prediction of the possibilities and modifications that are possible. 1. Description- It describes the performance, that an individual displays and based on this analysis a psychologists try to comprehend if this attitude or behaviour is under normal or acceptable limits. For this, a psychologists analyzes, opinion and views, emotions, beliefs, mind-set, outlook and approaches,